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Raymond-Claude-Ferdinand Aron (; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, journalist, and political scientist. He is best known for his 1955 book ''The Opium of the Intellectuals'', the title of which inverts Karl Marx's claim that religion was the opium of the people – Aron argues that in post-war France, Marxism was the opium of intellectuals. In the book, Aron chastised French intellectuals for what he described as their harsh criticism of capitalism and democracy and their simultaneous defense of Marxist oppression, atrocities, and intolerance. Critic Roger Kimball〔Kimball, Roger (2001). "(Aron & the power of ideas )". ''New Criterion'', May 2001〕 suggests that ''Opium'' is "a seminal book of the twentieth century." Aron is also known for his lifelong friendship, sometimes fractious, with philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.〔''Memoirs: fifty years of political reflection'', By Raymond Aron (1990)〕 He is also known for his 1973 book, ''The Imperial Republic: The United States and the World 1945-1973'', which influenced Zbigniew Brzezinski and Henry Kissinger, among others. Aron wrote extensively on a wide range of other topics. Citing the breadth and quality of Aron's writings, historian James R. Garland〔Garland, James R. "Raymond Aron and the Intellectuals: Arguments supportive of Libertarianism." ''Journal of Libertarian Studies'', Vol. 21, No. 3 (Fall 2007).〕 suggests, "Though he may be little known in America, Raymond Aron arguably stood as the preeminent example of French intellectualism for much of the twentieth century." ==Life and career== Born in Paris, the son of a secular Jewish lawyer, Aron studied at the École Normale Supérieure, where he met Jean-Paul Sartre, who became his friend and lifelong intellectual opponent.〔 He was a rational humanist,〔(p.170 )〕〔Aron (1994) ''In Defense of Political Reason'', p.170〕 and a leader among those who did not embrace existentialism.〔Carruth, Gorton (1993) ''The encyclopedia of world facts and dates'', (p.932 )〕 Aron took first place in the Agrégation of philosophy in 1928, the year Sartre failed the same exam. In 1930, he received a doctorate in the philosophy of history from the École Normale Supérieure. He had been teaching social philosophy at the University of Toulouse for only a few weeks when World War II began; he joined the Armée de l'Air. When France was defeated, he left for London to join the Free French forces, editing the newspaper, ''France Libre'' (Free France). When the war ended Aron returned to Paris to teach sociology at the École Nationale d'Administration and at the Paris Institute of Political Studies. From 1955 to 1968, he taught at the Sorbonne, and after 1970 at the Collège de France. In 1953, he befriended the young American philosopher Allan Bloom, who was teaching at the Sorbonne. A lifelong journalist, Aron in 1947 became an influential columnist for ''Le Figaro'', a position he held for thirty years until he joined ''L'Express'', where he wrote a political column up to his death. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf )〕 Aron died of a heart attack in Paris on 17 October 1983. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Raymond Aron」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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